Carl Jung and the Psychology of Dreams
“We also live in our dreams, we do not live
only by day. Sometimes we accomplish our
greatest deeds in dreams.”
Carl Jung, The Red Book
Are dreams the product of random brain activity,
or a side effect of the mind consolidating its
memories? Are they, as Sigmund Freud suggested,
the expression of repressed wishes and desires?
Or is there something richer and more
meaningful to dreams that escapes the
notice of many in the modern day? Carl
Jung believed there was, and in this video,
we are going to explore why dreams are
of vital importance to our mental and
physical health and how the art of dream interpretation can revitalize our life.
“It is only in modern times that the dream, this
fleeting and insignificant looking product of
the psyche, has met with such profound contempt.
Formerly it was esteemed as a harbinger of fate,
a portent and comforter, a messenger of the gods.
Now we see it as the emissary of the unconscious,
whose task it is to reveal the secrets
that are hidden from the conscious mind,
and this it does with astounding completeness.”
Carl Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology
The interpretation of dreams was an integral part
of Jung’s therapeutic approach. According to his
own estimate, he analyzed no less than
80,000 dreams. In his Seminar on Dreams,
Jung stated that “dreams are messages sent
up from the unconscious”. And so to grasp
the significance of dreams, we must understand
how Jung conceived of the unconscious psyche.
In a lecture given in 1934, Jung wrote that “It is
as if our consciousness were...a ship on the great
sea of the unconscious.” (Carl Jung, ETH Zurich)
The fate of a ship is partially determined by the
activity of the sea and likewise the direction of
our life is highly influenced by the unconscious.
Furthermore, just as the sea contains resources,
treasures, and dangers that are not easily seen
from the surface, so too potentials for good
and evil are hidden in our unconscious depths.
Psychological development, according to Jung, is
facilitated by bringing unconscious contents into
the light of consciousness, for this enriches our
conscious personality, increases our knowledge,
and promotes psychological wholeness. “One does
not become enlightened by imagining figures of
light, but by making the darkness conscious.”
(Carl Jung, Alchemical Studies) More than any
other phenomenon dreams can facilitate
this process as they act as a window into
the unconscious mind, or as Jung explains:
“...the dream is a spontaneous self-portrayal,
in symbolic form, of the actual situation
in the unconscious...The dream is
specifically the utterance of the unconscious.”
Carl Jung, Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche
Paying attention to our dreams, and therein
making more of the unconscious conscious,
bestows many benefits. One of which is that
dreams contain insights which in waking
life we are unable, or unwilling, to see.
“When we sleep the soul is lit up completely by
many eyes; with them we can see everything
that we could not see in the daytime.”
Aeschylus
Intuitions or gut feelings that are not
consciously processed, subtle hunches about the
true character of other people, as well as blind
spots and self-deceptions that are inhibiting
our development – all are examples of insights
which our unconscious can reveal in dreams.
This ability of a dream to disclose knowledge
otherwise unavailable to waking consciousness
is why throughout history, in the words of Jung,
“the dream has been regarded as a truth-telling
oracle.” Or as Jung explains in more detail:
“The unconscious is the dark being within that
hears what our conscious ears do not hear, and
sees what our conscious eyes do not perceive...We
only become aware of this unheard hearing,
this unseen seeing, when the unconscious
sends us these forgotten images in dreams.”
Carl Jung, ETH Zurich 1933-41
As windows into the unconscious,
dreams also provide us with information
about the health, or sickness, of our body.
For the unconscious is intimately connected to the
biology of the body and involved in regulating the
functioning of organs. It is thus capable of
detecting subtle abnormalities in the body,
and it is not unusual for the unconscious
to disclose these abnormalities in dreams,
long before any overt symptoms show. Or as the
Jungian psychoanalyst James Hall explains:
“It is by no means an easy matter to make
organic diagnoses from dream material,
although there are many striking examples
of such predictions: the dream of an inner
"explosion" preceding the leaking of an
aortic aneurysm, the appearance of dream
figures with gall bladder disease prior to that
illness being suspected in the dreamer, etc.”
James Hall, Jungian Dream Interpretation
Dreams can also warn us of the type of
future that may manifest if we
continue in our errant ways.
“Dreams prepare, announce, or warn about
certain situations, often long before they
actually happen.” wrote Jung, “This is not
necessarily a miracle or a precognition.
Most crises or dangerous situations have a long
incubation, only the conscious mind is not aware
of it. Dreams can betray the secret.”
Carl Jung, The Symbolic Life
Jung provides an example of a dream of this
type. Jung’s colleague, an amateur mountaineer,
told Jung of the following dream: He was
climbing a mountain, and the higher he climbed,
the better he felt. When he reached the summit
of the mountain he wanted to continue to climb
and so he stepped off the summit into
thin air, and suddenly he awoke.
Jung intuitively felt this dream to be a warning
from the unconscious. He implored his colleague
to take extra precautions on any future climbs
or avoid them altogether. But the man did not
heed the advice. Three months later the man
went climbing, and in the words of Jung:
“A guide standing below saw him literally step out
into the air while descending a rock face. He fell
on the head of his friend, who was waiting lower
down, and both were dashed to pieces far below.”
Carl Jung, Practice of Psychotherapy
Dreams also play an important role in
the creative process. We know from
the history of philosophy, science,
art, and literature, that many great creations
and discoveries have been inspired by dreams.
A dream informed the Russian chemist Dmitry
Mendeleyev of the correct order of the elements
based on atomic weight. August Kekule was shown
the structure of the benzene ring in a dream.
The basic theme of Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde came to him in a dream.
While Carl Jung stated that all his
greatest ideas were conceived in dreams:
“In the end, the only events in my life worth
telling are…inner experiences, amongst which I
include my dreams and visions. These form
the prima materia of my scientific work.
They were the fiery magma out of which the
stone that had to be worked was crystallized.”
Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections
Dreams also have the capacity to break us
free from a worldview that is too constricting and
from a day-to-day existence that is too mundane.
The dreams that do this are
sometimes called “big dreams”.
Big dreams are the highly significant dreams
that are often remembered for a lifetime,
and some even prove to be among the
most valuable experiences of life.
These are the dreams that possess a religious
or spiritual significance, provide insights
regarding the eternal questions of life, and even
transform how we view ourselves and the world.
Regarding the nature of big dreams, the Swiss
psychologist Marie-Louise von Franz writes:
“Occasionally, one has a dream that is so remote
from one’s life, so numinous (Jung’s favorite
word for intensely moving experience), and so
strange and uncanny that it does not seem to
belong to the dreamer. It is like a visitation
from another world, which in truth it is,
the other world being the subterranean one of
the unconscious. In ancient times, and even
today among some people, such dreams are regarded
as messages from the gods or ancestral figures.
These dreams are called “big” dreams by Jung.”
Marie-Louise von Franz, Dreams
Jung recounted a particularly striking big dream
he experienced in 1944, just after suffering a
heart attack that nearly killed him. Jung dreamt
that he was walking in the wilderness and stumbled
upon an old chapel. When he entered the chapel,
he saw a yogi seated in the lotus position,
in deep meditation. Jung continues:
“When I looked at him more closely,
I realized that he had my face. I stared in
profound fright, and awoke with the thought:
‘Aha, so he is the one who is meditating
me. He has a dream and I am it.’ I knew that
when he awakened, I would no longer be.”
Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections
Big dreams are rare. Most people experience no
more than a handful of them. The dreams that
most frequently populate our sleeping hours
are what Jung called compensatory dreams.
The function of such dreams is
to compensate, or correct for,
the one-sidedness, errors, deviations, or
other deficiencies of our conscious attitude.
The more our conscious mind is ill-adapted
to reality, and the more we are evading the
tasks of life, the more we will be visited
by dreams of a compensatory nature.
“When we pay attention to our dreams a
self-regulating tendency in the soul comes
into play which counterbalances the one-sidedness
of consciousness or completes it so that a kind of
wholeness and a life’s optimum is achieved.”
Marie-Louise von Franz, Dreams
A few examples will help clarify
the nature of compensatory dreams.
A man who is not fulfilling his duties as a father
will have dreams that his children hate him in
order to bring him to the awareness that he is
avoiding one of the most important tasks of life.
A woman who is too identified with her persona, or
social personality, will have dreams of committing
crimes or engaging in immoral behavior so
that she sees the shadow, or unconscious
dark side of her personality, that she needs to
integrate to develop a more complete character.
Or a man who approaches middle age,
yet remains dependent on his parents,
will have dreams that portray him as a
helpless child, or as being smothered to death,
so that he becomes aware of the perilous situation
which his lack of independence is creating.
“…the compensatory function of dreams
offers welcome assistance. [Compensatory
dreams]…illuminate the patient’s situation in a
way that can be exceedingly beneficial to health.
They bring him memories, insights, experiences,
awaken dormant qualities in the personality,
and reveal the unconscious element in his
relationships. So it seldom happens that
anyone who has taken the trouble to work
over his dreams…remains without enrichment
and a broadening of his mental horizon.”
Carl Jung, Development of Personality
But if dreams are significant messages sent from
the unconscious, why are they so difficult to
decipher? Why doesn’t the unconscious present
these messages to us in a form that is easier
for our conscious mind to understand? While the
conscious mind is capable of rationality and
logic, the unconscious is by nature irrational –
it does not operate by the laws of logic and it
communicates primarily in symbols, not words.
“As a plant produces its flower, so the psyche
creates its symbols. Every dream
is evidence of this process.”
Carl Jung, The Symbolic Life
The fact that the conscious and
unconscious mind communicate in different
languages explains why dreams are enigmatic.
Yet just because we do not fully understand the
meaning of the symbols presented to us in dreams,
does not mean they do not influence us. For just
as fairy tales, myths, religious teachings and
rituals transcend rational understanding yet have
influenced human beings for thousands of years,
dreams can influence the course of our life
even if we do not fully understand them.
“Dreams pave the way for life, and they determine
you without you understanding their language.”
Carl Jung, The Red Book
Or as Jung explained elsewhere:
“It is often objected that the [dream] must be
ineffective unless the dream is understood. This
is not so certain, however, for many things
can be effective without being understood.
But there is no doubt that we can enhance its
effect considerably by understanding the dream,
and this is often necessary because the voice
of the unconscious so easily goes unheard.”
Carl Jung, Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche
To understand dreams and thereby enhance their
effects, we should make a habit of recording our
dreams first thing in the morning - for memories
of dreams quickly fade as we go about our day.
When we come across a dream which we feel is
particularly significant, we can engage in
what Jung called dream amplification. Amplifying a
dream involves reflecting on the dream and weaving
ideas, concepts, and associations around it. This
might include recalling memories that we think
are related to the dream, allowing our intuition
to freely speculate on its meaning, or thinking
about whether the dream is related to a task we
are not fulfilling or if it is compensating for
a conscious attitude that is ill adapted to the
demands of life. In interpreting a big dream,
amplification is aided by knowledge of mythology
and religion, for big dreams are often composed
of the recurring symbols and motifs that are found
cross-culturally in religions and myths. We will
know that we have stumbled upon a correct dream
interpretation when, in the words of Jung,
“…the interpretation "clicks"; when there is
the feeling that it absolutely hits the fact,
one knows one is on the right track.”
Carl Jung, Seminar on Dreams
Or as von Franz elaborates regarding
Jung’s method of dream amplification:
“Jung did not interpret his dreams by immediately
forming a clear idea of what they meant; instead,
he carried them around within himself, lived with
them inwardly, as it were, and asked questions of
them. If he came across something in a book or
in an outer experience which reminded him of a
dream image, he would add it to that image, so
to speak, so that a fabric of ideas developed,
with a constantly increasing richness.”
Marie-Louise von Franz, Dreams
If we pay more attention to our dreams and
devote more time to understanding them,
we will possess an effective antidote against
many of the collective sicknesses of our age.
For in Jung’s analysis, much of what plagues
modern society, be it endemic levels of neurotic
illnesses, mass-delusions, a widespread level
of cowardice amongst the general population,
an extreme susceptibility to propaganda, or a
sheeplike obedience to corrupt authority figures,
is the result of a dangerous disconnect
between the conscious mind and the unconscious.
Modern man has lost touch with his instincts,
with the basic facts of human nature, and with
a commonsense wisdom that is millions of years
old. As it is dreams that help forge a connection
to this ancient ground of our being, the more we
pay attention to our dreams, the more we will find
the inner strength and intuitive wisdom needed to
thrive in a sick society. Or as Jung explains:
“Dreams are impartial, spontaneous products of
the unconscious psyche, outside the control of the
will.”, explains Jung. “They are pure nature; they
show us the unvarnished, natural truth, and are
therefore fitted, as nothing else is, to give us
back an attitude that accords with our basic human
nature when our consciousness has strayed too far
from its foundations and runs into an impasse.”
Carl Jung, Civilization in Transition
